Info+360radian

  What Is Rust? Rust is a systems programming language focused on performance, memory safety, and concurrency without needing a garbage collector. Created by Graydon Hoare in 2006 and officially backed by Mozilla in 2009.  Why Is Rust Used? Memory Safety Without GC: Rust prevents segmentation faults and data races at compile time using its ownership model. Blazing Fast: Compiles to native code and rivals C/C++ in speed. Concurrency Made Safe: Rust makes multithreading less error-prone. Modern Syntax: Combines the power of C++ with the elegance of Python or Haskell.  How Does Rust Help Developers? No Runtime Crashes: Errors are caught at compile time. Zero-cost Abstractions: High-level features without performance trade-offs. Tooling: Comes with cargo (package manager), rustfmt , clippy , and excellent documentation. Cross-platform: Build for Windows, Linux, macOS, and even embedded systems.  Rust Logo? The Rust logo is a stylized gear/cog—symbolizing engineering pre...

  1.gedit A GUI-based editor for GNOME desktop environments. Very beginner-friendly—like Notepad for Linux. Supports syntax highlighting, tabs, and plugins. Not available in terminal-only environments unless you launch X. image is given below: 2.vim A powerful terminal-based editor with advanced features. Has modes: normal, insert, visual, command—this confuses beginners. Extremely fast and customizable once mastered. Ideal for developers, sysadmins, and power users. image is given below: 3.nano A simple terminal editor—easy to learn and use. No modes—just open and start typing. Commands are shown at the bottom of the screen. Great for quick edits and beginners working in CLI. image is given below: 4.vi The original Unix editor, predecessor to vim . Minimal features compared to vim . Still available on almost all Unix/Linux systems. Good fallback when nothing else is installed. image is given below: 5. Key Differences gedit is graphical, the rest are terminal-based. vim and vi u...

  What Is Kruskal’s Algorithm? Kruskal’s Algorithm is a greedy algorithm used to find the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of a connected, undirected, weighted graph. It builds the MST by selecting the smallest-weight edges first, ensuring no cycles are formed.  Why Use Kruskal’s Algorithm? It guarantees the least total edge weight to connect all vertices. Especially useful when the graph has sparse connections or edges are already sorted. It’s simple and efficient for edge-centric problems.  Where to Use Kruskal’s Algorithm? Network Design : Laying out cables or pipelines with minimal cost. Road Systems : Connecting cities with shortest total distance. Clustering Algorithms : In machine learning, for hierarchical clustering. Electrical Grids : Designing efficient power distribution networks.  Key Steps in Kruskal’s Algorithm Sort all edges by weight (ascending). Initialize MST as an empty set. Iterate through edges : Add edge if it doesn’t form a cycle (using Union-Fin...

Blender Blender is a powerful, free, and open-source software used for creating 3D content. It’s widely recognized for its versatility, offering tools for  modeling sculpting animation rendering video editing game development all within a single platform. Whether you're designing characters for an animated film, building assets for a video game, visualizing architectural spaces, or experimenting with motion graphics, Blender provides the tools needed to bring your ideas to life. One of the biggest reasons Blender is so valuable is that it gives users access to professional-grade features without any cost.  It supports both real-time rendering with its Eevee engine and high-quality photorealistic output using Cycles. Blender also integrates Python scripting, allowing users to automate tasks or build custom tools, which makes it highly adaptable for both artists and developers. Uses:  Filmmakers use it for animation and visual effects,  game developers rely on it to cr...

Theory of Computation:  Introduction:  TOC is the study of how problems can be solved using algorithms and how efficiently they can be solved. It explores the limits of what computers can compute. Types of abstract computational models: Finite Automata Models simple machines with limited memory. Used to recognize regular languages. Includes DFA (Deterministic) and NFA (Non-deterministic). Regular Languages Languages that can be expressed using regular expressions. Recognized by finite automata. Cannot handle nested structures. Context-Free Grammar Defines languages with recursive rules. Used to describe programming language syntax. Recognized by pushdown automata. Pushdown Automata Machines with a stack memory. Can recognize context-free languages. Useful for parsing nested structures like parentheses. Turing Machines Abstract machines that simulate any algorithm. Can read, write, and move on an infinite tape. Foundation of modern computing. Decidability Determines whether a p...

Compiler Design:  Introduction: Compiler design is the study of how source code written in a programming language is translated into machine code. A compiler performs multiple stages to analyze, optimize, and generate executable code. Order in which these stages are performed: Lexical Analysis Breaks the source code into tokens like keywords, identifiers, and symbols. This is the first phase and uses tools like lexical analyzers or scanners. Syntax Analysis Checks the grammatical structure of the code using parsing techniques. It builds a syntax tree to represent the code’s structure. Semantic Analysis Ensures the code makes logical sense. It checks for type errors, undeclared variables, and other semantic rules. Intermediate Code Generation Generates a temporary, low-level code that is easier to optimize and translate into machine code. Often uses three-address code or abstract syntax trees. Code Optimization Improves the intermediate code to make it faster or use fewer resources....

Disk Scheduling Algorithms: Introduction:  Disk scheduling algorithms decide the order in which disk I/O requests are processed. They aim to reduce seek time and improve overall system performance. Types: FCFS (First-Come, First-Served) Processes disk requests in the order they arrive. Simple but can be inefficient if requests are scattered across the disk. SSTF (Shortest Seek Time First) Selects the request closest to the current head position. Reduces seek time but may cause starvation for far requests. SCAN (Elevator Algorithm) Moves the disk arm in one direction, servicing requests along the way, then reverses direction. Fair and efficient for heavy loads. C-SCAN (Circular SCAN) Similar to SCAN but only services requests in one direction, then jumps back to the beginning. Provides uniform wait time. LOOK Like SCAN but only goes as far as the last request in each direction, avoiding unnecessary movement. C-LOOK Like C-SCAN but limits movement to the last request before jumping b...

CPU Scheduling Algorithms: Introduction: CPU scheduling algorithms decide which process gets to use the CPU and when. They are essential for multitasking and efficient resource management in operating systems. Types: First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Processes are executed in the order they arrive. Simple but can cause long waiting times for short tasks. Shortest Job First (SJF) Executes the process with the shortest burst time next. Efficient but can lead to starvation of longer tasks. Round Robin (RR) Each process gets a fixed time slice in rotation. Good for time-sharing systems and fair distribution. Priority Scheduling Processes are assigned priorities. Higher priority processes run first. Can cause starvation of low-priority tasks. Multilevel Queue Scheduling Processes are divided into multiple queues based on type or priority. Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm. Multilevel Feedback Queue Similar to multilevel queue but allows processes to move between queues based on beh...

Flip-Flops: Introduction: Flip-flops are basic digital circuits that store one bit of data. They are bistable, meaning they have two stable states and change based on input signals, usually triggered by a clock. History and Inventors: Invented in 1918 by William Eccles and F. W. Jordan. Originally called the Eccles–Jordan trigger circuit.  Impact on Computing: Flip-flops enables memory and sequential logic in computers. They made it possible to build registers, counters, and RAM.  Without flip-flops,  computers would not be able to store or process data. Types of Flip-Flops: SR Flip-Flop – Set-Reset, used for basic memory  D Flip-Flop – Stores input value on clock edge  JK Flip-Flop – Improved SR with toggle feature  T Flip-Flop – Toggles state with each clock pulse Use Cases: Registers – Store temporary data in CPUs  Counters – Count events like button presses  Timers – Used in digital clocks and stopwatches  Memory Cells – Form the basis of...