compiler design

Compiler Design: 

Introduction:

Compiler design is the study of how source code written in a programming language is translated into machine code. A compiler performs multiple stages to analyze, optimize, and generate executable code.

Order in which these stages are performed:

  • Lexical Analysis Breaks the source code into tokens like keywords, identifiers, and symbols. This is the first phase and uses tools like lexical analyzers or scanners.
  • Syntax Analysis Checks the grammatical structure of the code using parsing techniques. It builds a syntax tree to represent the code’s structure.
  • Semantic Analysis Ensures the code makes logical sense. It checks for type errors, undeclared variables, and other semantic rules.
  • Intermediate Code Generation Generates a temporary, low-level code that is easier to optimize and translate into machine code. Often uses three-address code or abstract syntax trees.
  • Code Optimization Improves the intermediate code to make it faster or use fewer resources. Includes loop optimization, dead code elimination, and constant folding.
  • Code Generation Converts optimized intermediate code into target machine code. This is the final output that can be executed by the hardware.
  • Symbol Table Management Keeps track of variables, functions, and their attributes. Used throughout all phases for reference and validation.
  • Error Handling Detects and reports errors at different stages. Includes lexical, syntax, semantic, and runtime errors.

Use Cases:

  • Used in building compilers for programming languages 
  • Helps in creating interpreters and virtual machines 
  • Important for static analysis tools and IDEs 
  • Used in performance optimization and code transformation

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